6月8日星期一，在旧金山将开始一场历史性的审判，衡量饮水加氟的风险
For the last four years,attorneys with the Fluoride Action Network have been fighting a legal battle against the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency over whether water fluoridation violates the Toxic Substances Control Act(TSCA).A recent ruling by the judge in the case has now set the stage for a federal trial which will include three international experts in neurotoxicity testifying on the dangers of water fluoridation.
在过去的四年里，氟化物行动网络的律师们一直在与美国环境保护局就饮水加氟是否违反了《有毒物质控制法》展开法律斗争。法官最近对此案的判决为联邦审判做好了准备，这次审判将包括3名国际神经毒性专家，他们将就饮水加氟的危险性作证。
The Fluoride Action Network(FAN)is set to argue that water fluoridation violates the TSCA provisions which prohibit the"particular use"of a chemical which has been found to present an unreasonable risk to the general public.Under section 21 of the TSCA citizens are allowed to petition the EPA to regulate or ban individual chemicals.
氟化物行动网络(FAN)认为，饮水加氟违反了《美国毒品管制法》中禁止"特定使用"一种已被发现对公众构成不合理风险的化学品的规定。根据《美国毒品管制法》第21条，公民可以请求环境保护局管制或禁止个别化学品。
The FAN began their legal battle in November 2016 when they joined with five organizations and five individuals to present a Citizens'Petition under Section 21 of TSCA to the EPA.The Citizens'Petition calls on the EPA to prohibit the addition of fluoridation chemicals to U.S.water based on the growing body of evidence showing that fluoride is a neurotoxin at doses currently used in communities around the United States.
该联盟于2016年11月开始了他们的法律斗争，当时他们与五个组织和五个个人根据《美国环境保护法》第21条向环境保护局提交了一份公民请愿书。公民请愿呼吁环保署禁止在美国水中添加氟化物，因为越来越多的证据表明，氟化物是一种神经毒素，目前在美国各地的社区使用的剂量。
The plaintiffs in the case include:FAN,Moms Against Fluoridation,Food&Water Watch,the American Academy of Environmental Medicine,the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology and the Organic Consumers Association.
该案件的原告包括:FAN，Moms Against fluaration，Food&Water Watch，The American Academy of Environmental Medicine，The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology and The Organic Consumers Association。
The plaintiffs'have presented studies to the court detailing the evidence of neurotoxic harm as part of their Proposed Findings of Fact.Dr.Paul Connett,PhD,director of FAN,points to a number of recent studies detailing the affect of fluoridation on IQ levels.
原告向法院提交了研究报告，详细列举了神经毒性损害的证据，作为他们提出的事实调查结果的一部分。FAN 的主任 Paul Connett 博士指出，最近的一些研究详细说明了氟化对智商水平的影响。
"As of 2020 there have been 72 fluoride-IQ studies,of which 64 found a lower IQ among children with higher fluoride exposure,"Connett stated."Many of the earlier studies were in places with elevated natural fluoride levels.There is now very strong evidence that fluoride damages both the fetal and infant brain at the levels used in artificially fluoridated areas."
"截至2020年，已经有72项氟化物智商研究，其中64项发现，高氟暴露儿童的智商较低，"康奈特说。"许多早期的研究是在天然氟化物水平偏高的地方进行的。现在有非常有力的证据表明，氟化物对胎儿和婴儿大脑的损害程度与人工加氟区的水平相当。"
While the court will allow FAN to present evidence related to the harms caused by water fluoridation,the court has stated that the EPA cannot present information related to the purported benefits of fluoridation.The move was seen as a victory for FAN and opponents of fluoridation.The EPA also attempted to exclude three experts from speaking at the trial.However,the court over ruled the agency and will allow the expert testimony.Experts include Dr.Philippe Grandjean of Harvard and the University of Southern Denmark,Dr.Howard Hu of the University of Washington,and Dr.Bruce Lanphear of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia.
虽然法院将允许 FAN 提供有关饮水加氟造成的危害的证据，但是法院已经声明 EPA 不能提供有关氟化带来的好处的信息。这一举动被视为 FAN 和氟化反对者的胜利。环境保护局还试图将三名专家排除在审判发言之外。然而，法院否决了该机构，并将允许专家证词。专家包括哈佛大学和南丹麦大学的 Philippe Grandjean 博士，华盛顿大学的 Howard Hu 博士，不列颠哥伦比亚省西门菲莎大学的 Bruce Lanphear 博士。
The trial is set to begin on June 8th via Zoom.I will be reporting on the trial for The Last American Vagabond.Stay tuned for daily video reports and articles.
审判定于6月8日通过 Zoom 开始。我将为《最后的美国流浪汉》报道审判。请继续关注每日视频报道和文章。
What is Fluoride?
什么是氟化物？
The substances added to municipal water supplies known by the name"fluoride"are actually a combination of unpurified byproducts of phosphate mining.In the United States thousands of tons of fluorosilicic acid is recovered from phosphoric acid plants and then used for water fluoridation.During this process the fluoride ion is created.
被称为"氟化物"的添加到市政供水中的物质实际上是磷矿开采过程中未经净化的副产品的组合。在美国，从磷酸装置中回收数千吨氟硅酸，然后用于饮水加氟。在这个过程中氟离子被创造。
This process of taking waste from the phosphate industry and putting it into drinking water has long been criticized for its effects on human health and the environment.It is well known that water fluoridation has led to dental fluorosisfor millions of children.This discoloring of the teeth was called"cosmetically objectionable"by the Centers for Disease Control.
这种将磷酸盐工业废弃物转化为饮用水的过程长期以来一直因其对人类健康和环境的影响而受到批评。众所周知，饮水加氟为数百万儿童带来了氟斑牙。这种牙齿脱色被疾病控制中心称为"美容缺陷"。
Beyond the cosmetic effect there have been several studies indicating overwhelming health issues related to fluoride,especially for children.Another study found a connection between exposure to water fluoridated at relatively low concentrations and a reduced IQ among children.
除了美容效果之外，已经有几项研究表明氟化物对健康有着巨大的影响，尤其是对于儿童。另一项研究发现接触相对低浓度的含氟水与儿童智商降低之间存在联系。
As recent as September 2017 the journal Environmental Health Perspectives published the study"Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6–12 Years of Age in Mexico,"examining the results of prenatal exposure to fluoride and the potential health concerns.The researchers called the study"one of the first and largest longitudinal epidemiological studies to exist that either address the association of early life exposure to fluoride to childhood intelligence or study the association of fluoride and cognition using individual biomarker of fluoride exposure."The study was funded in part by the U.S.National Institutes of Health.
2017年9月，《环境健康视角志发表了题为《墨西哥4岁和6岁至12岁儿童的产前氟化物暴露和认知结果》的研究报告，检查了产前氟化物暴露的结果和潜在的健康问题。研究人员将这项研究称为"首次也是规模最大的纵向流行病学研究之一，这项研究要么探讨幼年接触氟化物与儿童智力的关系，要么利用氟化物接触的个体生物标志物研究氟化物与认知能力的关系。"这项研究部分由美国国立卫生研究院科学基金会资助。
The researchers found that higher prenatal fluoride exposure was associated with lower scores on tests for cognitive function at age four,and between ages six and twelve.The researchers acknowledge that their results are"somewhat consistent"with past ecological studies which indicate children living in areas of high fluoride exposure have lower IQ scores than those in low-exposure areas.
研究人员发现，胎儿期接触较高的氟化物与4岁、6岁至十二岁儿童的认知功能测试分数较低有关。研究人员承认，他们的研究结果与过去的生态学研究"有些一致"，这些研究表明，生活在高氟暴露地区的儿童智商分数低于低氟暴露地区的儿童。
A study published in the journal General Dentistry warns that infants are at risk of dental fluorosis due to overexposure from fluoride in commercially available infant foods.The researchers analyzed 360 different samples of 20 different foods ranging from fruits and vegetables,chicken,turkey,beef,and vegetarian dinners.Chicken products had the highest concentrations of fluoride,followed by turkey.The New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation(NYSCOF)reports that the fluoride levels were due to pesticides,fertilizers,soil,groundwater,and/or fluoridated water.The high levels found in the chicken and turkey can be attributed to"fluoride-saturated bone dust"involved in the process of mechanically separating the meat.
发表在《普通牙科学》杂志上的一项研究警告说，由于市售婴儿食品中过度接触氟化物，婴儿有患氟斑牙的危险。研究人员分析了20种不同食物的360个不同样本，包括水果和蔬菜、鸡肉、火鸡肉、牛肉和素食晚餐。鸡肉制品的氟化物浓度最高，其次是火鸡。纽约州反氟化联盟(NYSCOF)报告说，氟化物水平是由于杀虫剂、肥料、土壤、地下水和/或加氟的水。鸡肉和火鸡肉中的高浓度可以归因于机械分离过程中的"氟饱和骨粉"。
Another study published in Environmental Health found a potential connection between fluoride exposure and the prevalence of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in children.The researchers studied data on ADHD among children age four to seventeen collected in 2003,2007 and 2011 as part of the National Survey of Children's Health,as well as state water fluoridation data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)collected between 1992 and 2008.It is the first study to analyze the relationship between exposure to fluoridated water and ADHD prevalence.
另一项发表在《环境健康》杂志上的研究发现氟化物暴露与儿童成人注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)患病率之间存在潜在联系。研究人员研究了2003年、2007年和2011年收集的作为全国儿童健康调查一部分的4岁至十七岁儿童的多动症数据，以及1992年至2008年期间美国疾病控制和预防中心收集的饮水加氟和预防中心的数据。本研究首次分析了饮用含氟水与 ADHD 患病率之间的关系。
The team discovered that children living in areas with a majority of the population receiving fluoridated water from public water systems"tended to have a greater proportion of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD."The researchers concluded that:
研究小组发现，居住在大多数人口接受公共供水系统加氟饮用水的地区的儿童"往往有更大比例的儿童和青少年被诊断为多动症"研究人员得出结论:
"this study has empirically demonstrated an association between more widespread exposure to fluoridated water and increased ADHD prevalence in U.S.children and adolescents,even after controlling for socioeconomic status(SES).The findings suggest that fluoridated water may be an environmental risk factor for ADHD."
"这项研究经验性地证明了更广泛地接触含氟水与美国儿童和青少年 ADHD 患病率增加之间的联系，甚至在控制了社会经济地位之后。研究结果表明，含氟水可能是 ADHD 的环境危险因素。"
In addition to these studies related to fluoride and children,dozens of other studies have indicated a variety of health problems.A recent study published in the Journal of Analytical Chemistry indicates that fluoride ions found in fluoridated water and toothpaste may lead to an increase in Urinary Stone Disease(USD).The study was conducted by chemists from Russia and Australia,led by Pavel Nesterenko at the University of Tasmania.The team studied 20 urinary stones from patients at a Russian hospital and discovered fluoride ions in 80%of the stones.This could be due to high levels of fluoride in patients'urine,possibly from drinking water containing fluorides and ingesting fluoride toothpaste.
除了这些与氟化物和儿童有关的研究之外，许多其他的研究也指出了各种各样的健康问题。最近发表在《分析化学杂志》上的一项研究表明，在含氟水和牙膏中发现的氟离子可能会导致泌尿系结石病(USD)的增加。这项研究是由俄罗斯和澳大利亚的化学家进行的，由塔斯马尼亚大学的 Pavel Nesterenko 领导。研究小组对俄罗斯一家医院的20名患者的泌尿系结石进行了研究，发现80%的结石中含有氟离子。这可能是因为患者尿液中氟化物含量过高，可能来自饮用含氟化物的水和摄入含氟牙膏。
A study published in the BMJ's Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health confirmed fluoride's negative effect on the thyroid gland and a possible connection to depression,weight gain,and other negative health effects.Researchers with the University of Kent in England examined thyroid activity for those in areas with fluoridated water and those without.The team examined 95 percent of the English population in 2012 and 2013 and found that high rates of underactive thyroid were 30%more likely in areas with high fluoride concentration.An underactive thyroid can lead to depression,weight gain,fatigue and aching muscles.
发表在《英国医学杂志》的《流行病学和公共卫生期刊志上的一项研究证实了氟化物对甲状腺的负面影响，并可能与抑郁症、体重增加和其他负面健康影响有关。英国肯特大学的研究人员检测了那些饮用含氟水和没有饮用含氟水地区的人的甲状腺活动。研究小组在2012年和2013年对95%的英国人口进行了调查，发现在高氟化物浓度地区，甲状腺机能低下症的高发率要高出30%。甲状腺机能低下症会导致抑郁，体重增加，疲劳和肌肉酸痛。
Question Everything,Come To Your Own Conclusions.
质疑一切，得出你自己的结论
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