饮水氟化对儿童的风险——一剂量不适用于所有人

Fluoridation is the addition of an industrial compound to the public drinking water for the purpose of altering the consumer's oral health.Municipalities that add fluoride to their water supplies do so based on a"one dose fits all"approach.This blanket approach fails to address the smaller size of infants and children and the larger proportions of water and other fluoridated beverages they drink.Significantly,a formula-fed infant drinks its weight in water every three to four days,resulting in the most vulnerable members of the population consuming by far the largest dose of fluoride.

氟化是在公共饮用水中添加一种工业化合物，以改变消费者的口腔健康。在供水中添加氟化物的市政当局是根据"一剂适用于所有情况"的办法这样做的。这种一刀切的做法未能解决婴儿和儿童体型较小以及他们饮用的较大比例的水和其他含氟饮料的问题。值得注意的是，配方奶喂养的婴儿每三至四天饮用一次其体重的水，导致人口中最脆弱的成员摄入远远最大剂量的氟化物。

Fluoridation advocates have acknowledged that fluoride's predominant effects for growing decay-resistant,harder teeth come from topical use(i.e.,applying it directly onto teeth)as opposed to systemic exposure(i.e.,drinking or ingesting fluoride through water or other means).However,research also has indicated that fluoride does not aid in preventing pit and fissure decay(the most prevalent form of tooth decay in the U.S.)or in preventing baby bottle tooth decay(prevalent in less affluent communities).In malnourished children and individuals of lower socioeconomic status,fluoride may actually increase the risk of dental caries due to calcium depletion and other circumstances.Given this body of research—and Harvard experts'warning that fluoride is one of 12 industrial chemicals known to cause developmental neurotoxicity in human beings—why do public health officials persist in claiming that water fluoridation is either necessary or safe?

氟化倡导者已经承认，氟化物的主要影响来自局部使用(即直接用于牙齿)，而不是全身接触(即通过水或其他途径摄入氟化物)。然而，研究也表明氟化物不能帮助预防窝沟和裂缝腐烂(美国最普遍的蛀牙形式)或者预防婴儿奶瓶蛀牙(在不太富裕的社区很普遍)。在营养不良的儿童和低社会经济地位的个人，氟化物实际上可能会增加龋齿的风险，由于钙耗尽和其他情况。考虑到这一系列的研究----以及哈佛大学专家的警告----氟化物是12种已知会导致人类神经发育毒性的工业化学物质之一----为什么公共卫生官员坚持声称饮水加氟是必要的或安全的？

[Researchers]found that the reasonable maximum exposure estimates exceeded the upper tolerable intake and concluded that some children may be at risk for fluorosis.

[研究人员]发现，合理的最大摄入量估计超过了最高可容忍摄入量，并得出结论认为，一些儿童可能有患氟中毒的风险。

Overexposure and Dental Fluorosis

过度曝光和氟斑牙

Exposure to excess fluoride in children is known to result in dental fluorosis,a condition in which the tooth enamel becomes irreversibly damaged and the teeth become permanently discolored,displaying a white or brown mottling pattern and forming brittle teeth that break and stain easily.Dental researchers have identified dental fluorosis as a first sign of fluoride toxicity.

儿童暴露于过量的氟化物会导致氟斑牙，这种情况下牙釉质会不可逆转地受损，牙齿会永久变色，呈现出白色或棕色的斑点，形成易碎易染的牙齿。牙科研究人员已经确定氟斑牙是氟化物中毒的第一个迹象。

According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)released in 2010,41%of children aged 12-15 exhibit fluorosis to some degree,up from 23%of 12-15-year-olds in 1986(see figure below).These increases in rates of dental fluorosis were a factor in the U.S.Public Health Service's 2015 decision to dramatically lower its water fluoridation level recommendations,from a high of 1.2 milligrams per liter(mg/L)down to 0.7 mg/L.

根据疾病控制和预防中心2010年公布的数据，12-15岁儿童中有41%出现某种程度的氟中毒，而1986年12-15岁儿童中有23%出现氟中毒(见下图)。2015年，美国公共卫生服务部门决定大幅度降低其建议的氟斑牙饮水加氟含量，从每升1.2毫克降至0.7毫克。

The downward revision of the Public Health Service's recommendations for fluoride concentrations in drinking water fails to account for the fact that children are exposed to many different sources of fluoride on a daily basis.Exposure to these diverse sources has drastically increased since community water fluoridation began in the U.S.in the 1940s.In addition to water and other beverages,fluoride exposure occurs through food,air,soil,dental products used at home and in the dental office,and through an array of other sources.

公共卫生服务局关于饮用水中氟化物浓度的建议的下调没有考虑到儿童每天接触许多不同来源的氟化物这一事实。自20世纪40年代美国社区饮水加氟开始以来，接触这些不同来源的人数急剧增加。除了水和其他饮料，氟化物的接触发生在食物，空气，土壤，牙科产品使用的家庭和牙科办公室，并通过一系列其他来源。

Several studies conducted in the United States have offered data about children's exposure to multiple sources of fluoride,as well as warnings about the situation.Markedly,a study published in 2015 by researchers at the University of Iowa considered exposure from water,toothpaste,fluoride"supplements"and foods.The researchers found that there was considerable individual variation in exposure levels and offered data showing that some children exceed the alleged"optimal"range.Highlighting the problematic nature of issuing recommendations about fluoride intake,the authors concluded:

在美国进行的几项研究提供了关于儿童接触多种氟化物来源的数据，以及关于这种情况的警告。衣阿华大学的研究人员在2015年发表的一项研究显示，暴露在水、牙膏、氟化物"补充剂"和食物中的可能性很大。研究人员发现，在接触水平方面存在着相当大的个体差异，并且提供的数据表明，一些儿童超过了所谓的"最佳"范围。强调了关于氟摄入量的建议的问题性质，作者总结道:

[I]t's doubtful that parents or clinicians could adequately track children's fluoride intake and compare it[to]the recommended level,rendering the concept of an"optimal"or target intake relatively moot.

父母或临床医生能否充分跟踪儿童的氟化物摄入量，并将其与推荐水平进行比较，使"最佳"或目标摄入量的概念变得相对模糊，这是值得怀疑的。

A similar 2005 study by researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago evaluated children's fluoride exposure from drinking water,beverages,cow's milk,foods,fluoride"supplements,"toothpaste swallowing and soil ingestion.They found that the reasonable maximum exposure estimates exceeded the upper tolerable intake and concluded that"some children may be at risk for fluorosis."

2005年，伊利诺大学芝加哥分校的研究人员进行了一项类似的研究，评估了儿童从饮用水、饮料、牛奶、食物、氟化物"补充剂"、牙膏吞咽和土壤摄入中接触氟化物的情况。他们发现，合理的最大接触估计值超过了最高可容忍摄入量，并得出结论认为,"一些儿童可能有患氟中毒的风险"

…research completed by Dr.Elise Bassin while at Harvard School of Dental Medicine showed that exposure to fluoride at'recommended'levels correlated with a seven-fold increase in osteosarcoma in boys who had been exposed between the ages of five and seven.

哈佛牙医学院的 Elise Bassin 博士完成的一项研究表明，在5至7岁的男孩中，暴露于'推荐'水平的氟化物与骨肉瘤增加7倍有关。

Pediatric Cancers and Fluoride

儿童癌症与氟化物

In 2006,the National Research Council(NRC)issued a report discussing the potential link between fluoride exposure and osteosarcoma.This type of bone cancer is one of the most common groups of malignant tumors in children and adolescents.The NRC stated that while the evidence was as of yet tentative,fluoride appeared to have the potential to promote bone cancers;the authors also cited biological plausibility due to"fluoride's deposition into bone and its mitogenic effects on bone cells."A mitogen is a chemical substance that triggers cell division(mitosis)—and cancer represents mitosis that has run amok.

2006年，国家研究委员会(NRC)发表了一份报告，讨论氟化物暴露与骨肉瘤之间的潜在联系。这种类型的骨癌是儿童和青少年最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。指出，虽然证据尚不确定，但氟化物似乎具有促进骨癌的潜力;作者还引用了生物合理性，因为"氟化物沉积在骨骼中，对骨细胞产生有丝分裂作用。"有丝分裂原是一种触发细胞分裂(有丝分裂)的化学物质，而癌症则代表着疯狂的有丝分裂。

While some epidemiological studies have failed to find an association between fluoride and osteosarcoma,research completed by Dr.Elise Bassin while at Harvard School of Dental Medicine showed that exposure to fluoride at"recommended"levels correlated with a seven-fold increase in osteosarcoma in boys who had been exposed between the ages of five and seven.Bassin's research,published in 2006,is the only study about osteosarcoma that has taken age-and sex-specific risks into account.

虽然一些流行病学研究未能发现氟化物与骨肉瘤之间的联系，但哈佛牙医学院 Elise Bassin 博士完成的研究表明，暴露于"推荐"水平的氟化物与5至7岁暴露于氟化物的男孩骨肉瘤增加7倍有关。Bassin 的研究发表于2006年，是唯一一项考虑到年龄和性别特异性风险的骨肉瘤研究。

…discussion has ensued as a result of several research studies published in 2018 that linked fluoride to underactive thyroid,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)and other adverse impacts on health and behavior.

2018年发表的一些研究报告指出，氟化物与甲状腺机能低下症、注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)以及其他对健康和行为的不利影响有关。

Other Adverse Impacts

其他不良影响

A large number of studies associate fluoride with loss of IQ.For example,a landmark study published in 2017(funded by the National Institutes of Health)found that prenatal fluoride exposure was strongly associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive function in the offspring.Interestingly,silicofluoride—the fluoride compound used in the vast majority of water fluoridation schemes—has been associated with higher blood lead levels in children,and lead is known to lower IQ.Lead has also been linked to violent behavior,and research likewise supports the potential association of silicofluoride with violence.

大量的研究表明氟化物与智商的丧失有关。例如，2017年发表的一项具有里程碑意义的研究(由美国国立卫生研究院学会资助)发现，胎儿期接触氟化物与后代认知功能测试得分较低密切相关。有趣的是，氟化硅----绝大多数饮水加氟计划中使用的氟化物化合物----与儿童血液中较高的铅水平有关，而众所周知，铅的智商较低。铅也与暴力行为有关，研究同样支持氟硅酸盐与暴力的潜在联系。

Meanwhile,discussion has ensued as a result of several research studies published in 2018 that linked fluoride to underactive thyroid,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)and other adverse impacts on health and behavior.

与此同时，2018年发表的几项研究结果引发了讨论，这些研究认为氟化物与甲状腺机能低下症、注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)以及其他对健康和行为的不利影响有关。

Protect our Children,Protect our Water

保护我们的孩子，保护我们的水

While adding a developmental neurotoxin to the water supply endangers everyone in the community,infants and children are obviously at highest risk for harmful effects.In addition to the potential adverse outcomes for this susceptible population discussed above(cancer,IQ loss and thyroid dysfunction),water fluoridation poses other health risks such as arthritis,bone fractures and learning disorders.We need to protect our children—and protect our water—by learning the facts and demanding policies that reduce and eliminate avoidable sources of fluoride,including artificial water fluoridation.

虽然向供水系统中添加发育性神经毒素会危及社区的每个人，但婴儿和儿童显然是受到有害影响的风险最高的群体。除了上面讨论的这些易感人群的潜在不良后果(癌症、智商丧失和甲状腺功能障碍)，饮水加氟还带来其他健康风险，如关节炎、骨折和学习障碍。我们需要保护我们的孩子----保护我们的水----通过了解事实和要求严格的政策来减少和消除可避免的氟化物来源，包括人工饮水加氟。

Amanda Just,MS is the Program Director of the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology(IAOMT).She is also a freelance writer and dental consumer who has shared her writings about the impact of toxic dental materials with the United Nations Environment Programme,the U.S.Department of State,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)and various nongovernmental organizations.

Amanda Just，MS 是国际口腔医学和毒理学学会(IAOMT)的项目主任。她还是一名自由撰稿人和牙科消费者，曾与联合国环境规划署、美国国务院、美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)和各种非政府组织分享她关于有毒牙科材料影响的文章。

David Kennedy,DDS is a Past President of the IAOMT.He has published a number of research articles about the safety of dental materials and has been active in warning others about the risks of fluoride.He is a world lecturer to the dental profession on the safety of dental materials in the human body,including addresses to the World Health Organization,the American Dental Society of Europe,the German Department of Health,and Brazil Rio Eco-Odonto.In 2017,these writers co-authored a 95-page"International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology(IAOMT)Position Paper against Fluoride Use in Water,Dental Materials,and Other Products for Dental and Medical Practitioners,Dental and Medical Students,Consumers,and Policy Makers."

大卫·肯尼迪，DDS 是国际移动通信协会前任主席。他发表了许多关于牙科材料安全性的研究文章，并积极警告其他人氟化物的风险。他是关于人体牙科材料安全的牙科专业的世界讲师，包括世界卫生组织、欧洲美国牙科协会、德国卫生部和巴西 Rio Eco-Odonto。2017年，这些作者共同撰写了一份95页的《国际口腔医学与毒理学学会(IAOMT)反对在水、牙科材料和其他产品中使用氟化物的立场文件》，供牙科和医疗从业者、牙科和医学学生、消费者和政策制定者使用。

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• 防止氟化物破坏大脑的香料

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来源：

https://www.collective-evolution.com/2019/06/29/risks-to-children-from-water-fluoridation-one-dose-does-not-fit-all/