The European Union was about building a federal superstate from day one
欧盟从一开始就打算建立一个联邦超级大国
As the debate over the forthcoming EU referendum gears up,it would be wise perhaps to remember how Britain was led into membership in the first place.It seems to me that most people have little idea why one of the victors of the Second World War should have become almost desperate to join this"club".That's a shame,because answering that question is key to understanding why the EU has gone so wrong.
随着关于即将到来的欧盟公投的辩论逐渐升温，或许明智的做法是回忆一下英国当初是如何成为欧盟成员国的。在我看来，大多数人几乎不知道为什么第二次世界大战的胜利者之一几乎不顾一切地要加入这个"俱乐部"。这是一种耻辱，因为回答这个问题是理解欧盟为什么会走向如此错误的关键。
Most students seem to think that Britain was in dire economic straits,and that the European Economic Community–as it was then called–provided an economic engine which could revitalise our economy.
大多数学生似乎认为，英国正处于可怕的经济困境之中，而欧洲经济共同体(当时被称为欧洲经济共同体)提供了一个经济引擎，可以振兴我们的经济。
Harold Macmillan,here with Edward Heath,couldn't get a free-trade deal
哈罗德•麦克米伦(Harold Macmillan)与爱德华•希思(Edward Heath)无法达成自由贸易协定Others seem to believe that after the Second World War Britain needed to recast her geopolitical position away from empire,and towards a more realistic one at the heart of Europe.Neither of these arguments,however,makes any sense at all.
其他人似乎认为，第二次世界大战之后，英国需要重塑其地缘政治地位，摆脱帝国主义，转而在欧洲心脏地带建立一个更为现实的地缘政治地位。然而，这两个论点都毫无意义。
The EEC in the 1960s and 1970s was in no position to regenerate anyone's economy.It spent most of its meagre resources on agriculture and fisheries and had no means or policies to generate economic growth.
欧洲经济共同体在20世纪60年代和70年代没有能力复兴任何国家的经济。它把大部分微薄的资源用于农业和渔业，没有任何手段或政策来促进经济增长。
When growth did happen,it did not come from the EU.From Ludwig Erhard's supply-side reforms in West Germany in 1948 to Thatcher's privatisation of nationalised industry in the Eighties,European growth came from reforms introduced by individual countries which were were copied elsewhere.EU policy has always been either irrelevant or positively detrimental(as was the case with the euro).
当增长真的发生时，它并非来自欧盟。从路德维希•埃哈德(LudwigErhard)1948年在西德推行的供应学派改革，到撒切尔夫人(Thatcher)在80年代对国有化工业进行私有化，欧洲的经济增长来自于个别国家推行的改革，这些改革被。欧盟的政策一直要么是无关紧要的，要么是有害的(就像欧元一样)。
Nor did British growth ever really lag behind Europe's.Sometimes it surged ahead.In the 1950s Western Europe had a growth rate of 3.5 per cent;in the 1960s,it was 4.5 per cent.B
英国的经济增长也没有真正落后于欧洲。有时候，它会突飞猛进。20世纪50年代，西欧的增长率为3.5%;20世纪60年代，增长率为4.5%。B
ut in 1959,when Harold Macmillan took office,the real annual growth rate of British GDP,according to the Office of National Statistics,was almost 6 per cent.It was again almost 6 per cent when de Gaulle vetoed our first application to join the EEC in 1963.
但在1959年麦美伦上台时，根据国家统计局的数据，英国GDP的实际年增长率接近6%。1963年，戴高乐否决了我们加入欧洲经济共同体的第一次申请时，这一比例又接近6%。
In 1973,when we entered the EEC,our annual national growth rate in real terms was a record 7.4 per cent.The present Chancellor would die for such figures.So the economic basket-case argument doesn't work.
1973年，当我们加入欧洲经济共同体时，我们国家的实际年增长率达到了创纪录的7.4%。现任议长会为这样的人物而死。因此，经济崩溃的说法是站不住脚的。
What about geopolitics?What argument in the cold light of hindsight could have been so compelling as to make us kick our Second-World-War Commonwealth allies in the teeth to join a combination of Belgium,the Netherlands,Luxembourg,France,Germany and Italy?
那么地缘政治学呢？事后看来，有什么论据能够如此有说服力，让我们对二战时期英联邦(Commonwealth)的盟友不屑一顾，拒绝加入比利时、荷兰、卢森堡、法国、德国和意大利的联盟？
Four of these countries held no international weight whatsoever.Germany was occupied and divided.France,meanwhile,had lost one colonial war in Vietnam and another in Algeria.De Gaulle had come to power to save the country from civil war.Most realists must surely have regarded these states as a bunch of losers.
其中四个国家没有任何国际影响力。德国被占领和分裂。与此同时，法国在越南和阿尔及利亚分别输掉了一场殖民战争。戴高乐上台是为了把这个国家从内战中拯救出来。大多数现实主义者肯定认为这些国家是一群失败者。
De Gaulle,himself a supreme realist,pointed out that Britain had democratic political institutions,world trade links,cheap food from the Commonwealth,and was a global power.Why would it want to enter the EEC?
戴高乐，他自己是一个超级现实主义者，指出英国有民主的政治制度，世界贸易联系，来自英联邦的廉价食品，并且是一个全球性的力量。它为什么要加入欧洲经济共同体？
The answer is that Harold Macmillan and his closest advisers were part of an intellectual tradition that saw the salvation of the world in some form of world government based on regional federations.He was also a close acquaintance of Jean Monnet,who believed the same.It was therefore Macmillan who became the representative of the European federalist movement in the British cabinet.
答案是，麦美伦和他最亲密的顾问是一种知识传统的一部分，这种知识传统认为世界的救赎在某种形式的基于地区联合会的世界政府中实现。他也是让·莫内的熟人，莫内也是这样认为的。因此，麦克米伦成为了英国内阁中欧洲联邦主义运动的代表。
In a speech in the House of Commons he even advocated a European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC)before the real thing had been announced.He later arranged for a Treaty of Association to be signed between the UK and the ECSC,and it was he who ensured that a British representative was sent to the Brussels negotiations following the Messina Conference,which gave birth to the EEC.
在英国下议院的一次演讲中，他甚至主张在真正的事情公布之前建立欧洲煤钢共同体(ECSC)。他后来安排联合王国和欧洲经济合作委员会之间签署一项结盟条约，正是他确保在产生欧洲经济共同体的梅西纳会议之后派遣一名英国代表参加布鲁塞尔谈判。
In the late 1950s he pushed negotiations concerning a European Free Trade Association towards membership of the EEC.Then,when General de Gaulle began to turn the EEC into a less federalist body,he took the risk of submitting a full British membership application in the hope of frustrating Gaullist ambitions.
在20世纪50年代后期，他推动关于欧洲自由贸易联盟的谈判，争取加入欧共体。然后，当戴高乐将军开始把欧洲经济共同体变成一个不那么联邦主义的机构时，他冒险提交了一份完整的英国入盟申请，希望挫败戴高乐的野心。
His aim,in alliance with US and European proponents of a federalist world order,was to frustrate the emerging Franco-German alliance which was seen as one of French and German nationalism.
他与支持建立联邦主义世界秩序的美国和欧洲国家结盟，目的是阻挠正在形成的法德联盟。法德联盟被视为法国和德国的民族主义之一。
Monnet met secretly with Heath and Macmillan on innumerable occasions to facilitate British entry.Indeed,he was informed before the British Parliament of the terms in which the British approach to Europe would be framed.
莫内无数次秘密会见希思和麦克米伦，以便英国人入境。事实上，他在英国议会面前被告知，英国对欧洲的态度将以何种条款为框架。
Despite advice from the Lord Chancellor,Lord Kilmuir,that membership would mean the end of British parliamentary sovereignty,Macmillan deliberately misled the House of Commons—and practically everyone else,from Commonwealth statesmen to cabinet colleagues and the public—that merely minor commercial negotiations were involved.
尽管英国大法官基尔缪尔勋爵(LordKilmuir)建议，成员资格将意味着英国议会主权的终结，但麦克米伦还是故意误导了英国英国下议院ーー实际上也误导了其他所有人，从英联邦政治家到内阁同僚和公众ーー认为其中只涉及小规模的商。
He even tried to deceive de Gaulle that he was an anti-federalist and a close friend who would arrange for France,like Britain,to receive Polaris missiles from the Americans.De Gaulle saw completely through him and vetoed the British bid to enter.
他甚至试图欺骗戴高乐，说他是一个反联邦主义者，是一个亲密的朋友，会安排法国像英国一样从美国那里接受北极星导弹。戴高乐完全看穿了他，否决了英国企图进入的提议。
Macmillan left Edward Heath to take matters forward,and Heath,along with Douglas Hurd,arranged—according to the Monnet papers—for the Tory Party to become a(secret)corporate member of Monnet's Action Committee for a United States of Europe.
据《莫内报》报道，麦克米伦离开爱德华•希思(EdwardHeath)，希思和道格拉斯•赫德(DouglasHurd)安排保守党(ToryParty)成为莫内为欧洲合众国设立的行动委员会(ActionCommitteeforaUnitedStatesofEurope)的(秘密)企业成员。
According to Monnet's chief aide and biographer,Francois Duchene,both the Labour and Liberal Parties later did the same.Meanwhile the Earl of Gosford,one of Macmillan's foreign policy ministers in the House of Lords,actually informed the House that the aim of the government's foreign policy was world government.
据莫内的首席助理和传记作者弗朗索瓦·杜肯说，工党和自由党后来都做了同样的事情。与此同时，麦克米伦时期在上议院担任外交政策部长的戈斯福德伯爵实际上告知上议院，政府外交政策的目标是世界政府。
Monnet's Action Committee was also given financial backing by the CIA and the US State Department.The Anglo-American establishment was now committed to the creation of a federal United States of Europe.
莫内的行动委员会也得到了美国中央情报局和美国国务院的财政支持。英美当权派现在致力于建立一个联邦的欧洲合众国。
Today,this is still the case.Powerful international lobbies are already at work attempting to prove that any return to democratic self-government on the part of Britain will spell doom.
时至今日，情况依然如此。强大的国际游说团体已经开始试图证明，英国任何回归民主自治的做法都将招致厄运。
American officials have already been primed to state that such a Britain would be excluded from any free trade deal with the USA and that the world needs the TTIP trade treaty which is predicated on the survival of the EU.
美国官员已经准备好声明，这样的英国将被排除在与美国的任何自由贸易协定之外，世界需要以欧盟的生存为前提的TTIP贸易协定。
Fortunately,Republican candidates in the USA are becoming Eurosceptics and magazines there like The National Interest are publishing the case for Brexit(#Brexit).
幸运的是，美国的共和党候选人正成为欧洲怀疑论者，《国家利益》(TheNationalInterest)等杂志正在发表英国脱欧的论据。
The international coalition behind Macmillan and Heath will find things a lot more difficult this time round—especially given the obvious difficulties of the Eurozone,the failure of EU migration policy and the lack of any coherent EU security policy.
麦克米伦和希思背后的国际联盟这次会发现事情要困难得多ーー尤其是考虑到欧元区的明显困难、欧盟移民政策的失败以及欧盟缺乏一致的安全政策。
Most importantly,having been fooled once,the British public will be much more difficult to fool again.
最重要的是，被愚弄过一次之后，英国公众将更难再次被愚弄。
By Prof Alan Sked,Telegraph.co.uk
作者:AlanSked教授，英国《每日电讯报》
Alan Sked is the original founder of Ukip and professor of International History at the London School of Economics.He is presently collecting material for a book he hopes to publish on Britain's experience of the#EU.
本文作者AlanSked是Ukip的创始人，伦敦政治经济学院(LondonSchoolofEconomics)国际历史教授。他目前正在为一本书收集素材，他希望出版一本关于英国在"#欧盟"的经历的书。
来源：http://humansarefree.com/2019/10/how-secretive-elite-created-eu-to-build.html
